What's in the Cauldron: Witches, Folk Remedies, and their Contributions to Modern Medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65539/4pqm0w69Keywords:
history of medicine, folk medicine, pharmacology, natural products, drug discoveryAbstract
Disease is a part of the human condition and before the rigor of the scientific process and peer review, healers had to work with anecdotal folk remedies and word of mouth medicines. These folk remedies were often known by women and shaman who, throughout time, passed on their esoteric knowledge. Some of these remedies, like excretions from toads, Hemlock, Yew, and Foxglove have persisted for centuries and were used for a wide range of ailments. In modern days, with the use of the scientific process and peer review, these plants form the foundation of many medications. This demonstrates the benefit that can be gained with the investigation of folk medicine.
Downloads
References
Shakespeare, W., & Orgel, S. (2016). Macbeth. NY, NY: Penguin Books.
Whaley, Leigh. "The Wise-Woman as Healer: Popular Medicine, Witchcraft and Magic. In: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800." Palgrave Macmillian (2011).
Silva, F. V. A. D., Monteiro, W. M., & Bernarde, P. S. (2019). "Kambô" frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): use in folk medicine and potential health risks. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical, 52. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0467-2018
Zeller, Mariana Van, Jasmine Brown and Lauren Effron. "This Amazonian tree frog's poison has become part of the latest supercleanse trend." ABC News 29 March 2017. https://abcnews.go.com/International/amazonian-tree-frogs-poison-part-latest-super-cleanse/story?id=46431345
Brave, P. S. D., Bruins, E., & Bronkhorst, M. W. G. A. (2014). Phyllomedusa bicolor skin secretion and the Kambô ritual. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 20(1), 40. doi: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-40
Aquilla, Isabella, et al. "The Biological Effects of Kambo: Is There a Relationship Between its Administration and Sudden Death?" Journal of Forensic Science 08 September 2017.
Toyooka, Naoki, et al. "Synthesis of Poison-Frog Alkaloids and Their Pharmacological Effects at Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors." Current Chemical Biology 2007.
Rodriguez, Candelario, et al. "Toxins and pharmacologically active compounds from species of the family Bufonidae (Amphibia, Anura)." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 198 (2017): 235–254.
Garg, A., Hippargi, H., & Gandhare, A. (2007). Toad skin-secretions: Potent source of pharmacologically and therapeutically significant compounds. The Internet Journal of Pharmacology, 5(2). doi: 10.5580/18b6
Filho, G. A. C., Schwartz, C. A., Resck, I. S., Murta, M. M., Lemos, S. S., Castro, M. S., … Schwartz, E. F. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of the bufadienolides marinobufagin and telocinobufagin isolated as major components from skin secretion of the toad Bufo rubescens. Toxicon, 45(6), 777–782. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.017
Zhou, Z., Madrid, M., Evanseck, J. D., & Madura, J. D. (2005). Effect of a Bound Non-Nucleoside RT Inhibitor on the Dynamics of Wild-Type and Mutant HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(49), 17253–17260. doi: 10.1021/ja053973d
Vetter, J. "Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)." Food and Chemical Toxicology 42.9 (2004): 1373–1382.
Brickhouse, Thomas and Nicholas Smith. The Trial and Execution of Socrates. Oxford University Press, 2001.
Al-Snafi, Ali. "Pharmacology and Toxicology of Conium Maculatum- A Review." The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal (2016): 1336–142.
Cummings, S and D Ullman. Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicine. Los Angeles: TarcherPerigee, 1984.
Kumar, S., & Madaan, R. (2012). Screening of alkaloidal fraction of Conium maculatum L. aerial parts for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74(5), 457. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.108423
Panter, K. E., Keeler, R. F., & Buck, W. B. (1985). Induction of cleft palate in newborn pigs by maternal ingestion of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 46(6), 1368–1371.
Brodie, J. F. (1997). Contraception and abortion in nineteenth-century America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Pyle, Howard. The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Dover Publications, 1968.
Wilson, C. R., Sauer, J.-M., & Hooser, S. B. (2001). Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids. Toxicon, 39(2-3), 175–185. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00146-x
Yersin, Betrand, et al. "Fatal cardiac arrhythmias and shock following yew leaves ingestion." Annals of Emergency Medicine (1987): 1396–1397.
Goodman, J., & Walsh, V. (2001). The Story of Taxol: Nature and Politics in the Pursuit of an Anti-Cancer Drug. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Phillipson, David. "New Drugs From Nature-it could be yew." Phytotherapy Research (1999).
Alushin, G. M., Lander, G. C., Kellogg, E. H., Zhang, R., Baker, D., & Nogales, E. (2014). High-Resolution Microtubule Structures Reveal the Structural Transitions in αβ-Tubulin upon GTP Hydrolysis. Cell, 157(5), 1117–1129. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.053
Jordan, M. A., & Wilson, L. (2004). Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4(4), 253–265. doi: 10.1038/nrc1317
Hoffman, A., Voelker, C., & Franzen, A. (1996). Transfer of taxol from yew tree cuttings into a culture medium over time. U.S. Patent No. 5620875A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Weaver, B. A. (2014). How Taxol/paclitaxel kills cancer cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 25(18), 2677–2681. doi: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0916
Nicolaou, KC, et al. "Total Synthesis of Taxol." Nature (1994): 630–634.
Withering, William. An Account of the Foxglove, and Some of Its Medical Uses. Cambridge University Press, Sep 25, 2014.
Hollman, A. "Drugs for atrial fibrillation. Digoxin comes from Digitalis lanata." BMJ (1996).
Cartwright, Anthony. The British Parmacopoeia, 1864 to 2014: Medicines, International Standards and the State. Routledge, 2016.
Whayne, T. F. (2018). Clinical Use of Digitalis: A State of the Art Review. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 18(6), 427–440. doi: 10.1007/s40256-018-0292-1
Weisse, A. B. (2010). A Fond Farewell to the Foxglove? The Decline in the Use of Digitalis. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 16(1), 45–48. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.08.001
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mason Tate Bennett (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.